Setup a New Mac for Astronomy Getting Started. If you're a scientist with a new Apple computer, read on. This page assumes you want to write scripts, reduce data, plot results, work with LaTeX, and give presentations, among other handy things. This is not a tutorial. As a brief introduction: Mac's operating system is called 'OS X' or now 'macOS'. 專輯歌曲: cd1 01 When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman 02:57 02 More Like The Movies 03:41 03 Mountain Mary 02:39 04 A Couple More Years 03:07 05 Up On The Mountain 02:39 06 I Don't Want To Be Alone Tonight 03:21 07 Clyde 04:39 08 Who Dat 02:04 09 Let Me Be Your Lover 02:54 10 I Wanna Make The Women Tremble 02:52 11 The Radio 03:28.
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One of the wonderful features of OS X Recovery and OS X Internet Recovery is the ability to restore a Mac from a Time Machine backup. Those of us at The Rocket Yard are constantly encouraging readers to make backups, and if you’ve followed our advice to buy an external disk drive such as the OWC Mercury Elite Pro, connect it to your Mac, and let the Mac use it as a Time Machine backup device. Vaughan-Nichols has been writing about technology and the business of technology since CP/M-80 was the cutting-edge PC operating system, 300bps was a fast Internet connection, WordStar. Find Adventure games for macOS like Rope Cow: Rope it to The Cow, Knight Night, World Zombie Survival FPS, Jaland, Pocket Watch on itch.io, the indie game hosting marketplace.
Traditionally, when an administrator has needed to enable remote screensharing access (via ARD/Apple Remote Desktop) for management purposes - in a programmatic way via the command-line or a payload-less package - it's been relatively straightforward to do so.
This is documented by Apple here: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201710
However, there are many changes in the latest version of mac OS (OS X 10.14 aka 'mac OS Mojave,') and those changes appear to result in failure using Apple's own documented method. So it appears that key (previously available) aspects of enabling remote access are being impacted by Apple's intended changes in security and privacy for 10.14.
Some excellent articles about some of the new security features and restrictions in 10.14/Mojave are the following:
A great debt, thanks & credit is owed (by many) to Rich Trouton, and he has documented an alternative means of enabling ARD that - in my testing so far - appears to work:
The key commands are (for example, for an intended ARD admin), where you'll need to edit <yourARDuserShortname> to be the shortname for the user-account you intend to configure for ARD admin access - with the brackets <> . Other levels of access (com.apple.local.ard_ groups) are listed in Rich Trouton's article, adding a user to more than one appears to not work and perhaps is intentional.
PLEASE NOTE: The script provided below is meant to be a starting point, it's (hardly) exemplary as there's no real error checking (think about a clause to handle if the group already exists, etc.). Hopefully you'll find it useful:
It's possible to add the above as a script named: postinstall (no suffix such as .sh), and proceeded with the standard
and included as part of a standard payload-less pkg installer. Other additions, elaborations and enhancements in any such script are left to the reader, the above is meant only as a potential starting-point. In terms of creating a ('payload-less') package installer to enact such a script, it's particularly easy to do so via Greg Neagle's excellent munkipkg, see:
If you're a scientist with a new Apple computer, read on. This page assumes you want to write scripts, reduce data, plot results, work with LaTeX, and give presentations, among other handy things. This is not a tutorial.
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As a brief introduction: Mac's operating system is called 'OS X' or now 'macOS'. It is a version of BSD Unix with a fancy graphical interface. Because unix is the engine, you can use your favorite linux tools, plus prettier programs written for Macs.
Many of these apps are large files and will take a while to download. You should be on a good internet connection and allow at least a couple hours to complete the entire setup.
Find out which version of OS X you have. Click the apple in the upper lefthand corner of your screen, and choose 'About This Mac.' |
Default is bash and is recommended.
To change your default shell, look under 'System Preferences' and open the 'Users & Groups' panel. If the padlock icon in the lower left corner is locked, click on it and authenticate. Then right click (or Ctrl-click, or two-finger tap) on your user account in the account list on the left hand side. Select the 'Advanced Options' option when it appears. Change your 'Login Shell' setting by selecting or typing '/bin/tcsh'. Don't change anything else in here, these are dangerous settings.
Testing: Start up the 'Terminal' application, and type 'echo $SHELL'. A full logout / login or system reboot may be needed for the shell change to register in Xquartz / X11. Speaking of which..
X11 is the standard linux graphical window environment and most astronomical software (and anything written for li/unix) requires X11. Terminal is built-in and will work for basic commands, but X11 is required for graphics. The XQuartz project is an open-source effort to develop a version of the X.Org X Window System that runs on OS X.
OS10.8, 10.9, 10.12: Download XQuartz (~70 MB)
Craft and dungeon mac os. OS 10.7 and earlier: X11 is already pre-installed. You may wish to install Xquartz anyway (link above).
To initiate an X11 session: Launch XQuartz from Applications/Utilities. You will then be able to launch xterm instances from the 'Applications' menu. |
XCode includes the standard C compiler (gcc) and command line tools (e.g., make, tar, gzip, vi) that are necessary so that you can use the terminal's full suite of commands as you would in a linux enivornment.
OS X 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.12:
- Install XCode (1.5 GB) from the App Store. (The App Store should be available as an icon in your Dock.)
- Install Command Line Tools
- 10.9: Command Line > xcode-select --install
- 10.8:
- Launch XCode from Applications
- Go to XCode 'Preferences > Downloads > Components' and install the 'Command Line Tools.'
- Restart your Mac.
- 10.12
xcode-select --install
- Agree to Xcode license in Terminal:
sudo xcodebuild -license
- Additional help with XCode installation and its many uses is here: XCode Support
- (Optional) Install a standard Fortran compiler, gfortran (38 MB). Download and move to /usr/local/bin
OS X 10.6 and Earlier:
- Install Apple's binary version of gcc: Insert the DVD/CD that came with your computer into the drive. Use Finder to search the disk for 'XcodeTools.mpkg'. Double-click to install. This gives you gcc, Java, and many other developer tools. To learn more, read 'About Xcode Tools.pdf' on your install disc.
An alternative to a full XCode install (for those that have an Apple Developer Account) is to only install the command line compilers, without the additional bulk of XCode - look for Apple's own 'Command Line Tools for XCode package.' You might wish to uninstall XCode first, by typing 'sudo /Developer/Library/uninstall-devtools --mode=all' in the Terminal.
Test the install by checking the gcc install via the command line. > which gcc /usr/bin/gcc > gcc i686-apple-darwin11-llvm-gcc-4.2: no input files |
Now would be a good time to install MacPorts (via package) and start downloading and compiling your favorite MacPorts packages. Check out the MacPorts 101 page for an introduction, overview, and usage pointers. Each package gets installed (along with its dependencies) via 'sudo port install ', and you can list available packages by search string via 'port search '. Here is a list of likely packages:
- emacs +x11 (assuming you want the X11-savvy version)
- aspell and aspell-dict-en
- texlive
- R
- wget and gv and xv and/or gimp
- xfig and GraphicsMagick
macOS 10.12: We recommend installing Anaconda and AstroConda (optionally with IRAF support).
OS 10.8, 10.9: See the page Installing Scientific Python via the Python4Astronomers group for discussion - they recommend Anaconda. With a little more work and a lot more time (everything compiled from source), you can install Python using MacPorts. Finally, you may want to consider a Ureka install, which includes Python 2.7, the most popular scientific Python tools, pyraf, and IRAF.
Under the default Ureka setup, you will only have access to the Python tools in a given login session after running the 'ur_setup' script. If you want these tools to be available by default, you should call the script from within your .cshrc or equivalent startup file.
Test your Ureka installation: > ur_setup > which python /Applications/Ureka/variants/common/bin/python >ipython In 1: import astropy |
IRAF/PyRAF
- The recommended way to get Python + IRAF + PyRAF (stsci_python) is to install Ureka (see above), an easy-to-install binary distribution from STScI and Gemini. You can find more information and installation instructions here: http://ssb.stsci.edu/ureka/. Click on the link for the latest version (not the development version).
- IRAF 2.16 is included with Ureka.
Not Recommended (because it's not trivial): install IRAF from NOAO - 10.12: IRAF can be optionally install with AstroConda (only python 2.7).
- DS9 can be installed via MacPorts (sudo port install ds9). Here is an XPA error page for getting DS9 to play with PyRAF/IRAF (unverified recipe: include export XPA_METHOD=local in .bashrc or setenv XPA_METHOD local in .csrhc)
- Heasarc's fv fits viewer is handy for visualizing FITS files.
- Skycalc, by John Thorstensen, provides almanac, ephemeris, and airmass information, invaluable for planning observing runs. Jskycalc is the new graphical version that runs on any platform, and has an AstroBetter walkthrough. Also available as the classic shell version.
- Multinest, PyMC, or emcee for Bayesian statistical analysis.
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See the IDL install and setup page.
Via MacPorts: 'sudo port install texlive' is the command you're looking for. Further discussion at the LaTex install and setup page Loopgun mac os.
See the dedicated Mac Apps page for suggestions
- Mac native version is updated now (as of June 2015), but if it falls off again the below can give you easier integration with Finder and the like via an Automator app you create yourself after installing DS9 via MacPorts (or whatever). These instructions assume you installed via MacPorts, so change the first line of the bash snippet to whatever you need. Tested in 10.7.5 and again in 10.9.5.
- Launch Automator
- Choose a document type as 'Application'
- Choose an action: Library -> Utilities -> Run Shell Script
- At the top, change the 'Pass Inputs' type to 'as arguments'
- Paste the following into the code box (removing whatever's in that box to begin with)
- # Change this line to whatever you need to get ds9 (and libs) in the path.# This should work for MacPorts. PATH changes you make elsewhere aren't## NOTE: It should just be single square brackets, not doubles.# Sometimes Wiki formatting things single square brackets are links, so doubles are a defenseexport PATH=/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:$PATHif [[ $# 0 ]]; thenelsefi
- Save it (File -> Save) somewhere with a nice name (such as DS9) in /Applications (or you can save it somewhere in your home dir and drag it in).
- Find a FITS file and open the 'Get Info' pane. Choose to Open with Other.. and select the DS9 thing you've saved from step #7, click 'Add', then 'Change All..' to associate all .FITS files with ds9.
- Rejoice!
Additional hint: If you're adapting this to work with some other X11 app, you might need to set other environment variables; Spyder required LANG to be set, otherwise some things (e.g. astropy.io.fits) would fail with a locale error.
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Selecting multiple FITS files to open opens them as seperate frames, and launching it via the Applications menu (such as in your dock) opens ds9 by itself. Yay!
- Configure CUPS for printing from the command line with lpr. (Following commands modify ~/.cups/lpoptions)Set default printer:Make duplex printing default:
- Show hidden files
- 10.9 - in Terminal, execute this command then restart (ref):
- 10.8 and earlier
- If you're converting to a Mac from a Linux system, the behavior of home, end, pg up, and pg down are probably driving you absolutely insane in a terminal. This blog post fixed it for me, in the terminal at least. (tested in OS X 10.7.x)
- Swap Control and Caps Lock Key: Easier on the fingers for emacs/unix users.
- System Preferences -> Keyboard and Mouse -> Keyboard -> Modifier Keys
- Just switch the two with a drop down box.
- Still needed in 10.8?Enable X11 Click Through:more info. In a terminal, do the following:
- >10.5.5 or later:
- earlier than 10.5.5:
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Old Stuff (Only relevant for 10.4 or earlier)
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- IRAF at MacSingularity , If you need to IRAF for PowerPC and 10.4, use MacSingularity
- Install DesktopManager (10.4 Tiger Only) In Tiger, and on PPC macs, this gives you a multiple desktop option. Spaces will replace this in Leopard and I don't think Desktop Manager is Universal. Note : Most of the non-Apple virtual desktop programs are going away, due to Spaces (such as VirtueDesktops).
- X11 on Leopard 10.5 is very different than on Tiger 10.4 and may cause some issues. Options include installing Tiger's X11 or installing some patches. The latest X11 patches from XDarwin appear to fix the majority of the issues with the possible exception of X11 full screen mode.
- Setup a 3-button Mouse: This sets up right click and paste with middle mouse button in Terminal/X11.
- System Preferences -> Keyboard and Mouse -> Mouse
- Set left button to Primary Button
- Set middle (scroller) button to Button 3
- Set right button to Secondary Button
- Install X11: If you have OS X 10.4 or earlier, you can install X11 from the DVD or CDs that came with your computer. To do this, insert the install disk and user Finder to search for 'X11User.pkg'. (Finder is the blue happy face in the Dock.) Double-click on X11User.pkg, and X11 should install.